Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Abirl, A. B., Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. T. Dis. Children. 1950. 80: p.866-870.

Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood CA, Karmali MA. J Infect Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4):955-61. Related Articles, Links, Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research 24(1):14-19 (1988). Colostrum reduces ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also disrupts other metabolic and enzymatic activities of PMNs which are crucial in PMN respiratory burst mediation of acute inflammation, showing that colostrum is a powerful antioxidant.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human colostrum. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14(1):47-56 (1992). Colostrum interferes with the production of PMN respiratory burst products in two ways, ascorbate and uric acid.

Blum J, Hadorn U, Sallmann H, and Schuep W. (1997) Delaying colostrum intake by one day impairs plasma lipid, essential fatty acid, carotene, retinal and a-tocopherol status in neonatal calves. American Society for Nutritional Sciences (1997).

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Boesman-Finkelstein M, Finkelstein RA. Lancet. 1989 Dec 2;2(8675):1336. Related Articles, Links, Comment on: Lancet. 1989 Sep 23;2(8665):709-12. Passive oral immunisation of children.

Burrin D, Davis T, Ebner S, Schoknecht P, Fiorotto M, Reeds P. (1997) Colostrum enhances the nutritional stimulation of vital organ protein synthesis in neonatal pigs. American Society for Nutritional Sciences.127(7):1284-9.

Burrin DG, Shulman RJ, Reeds PJ, Davis TA, Gravitt KR. (1992) Porcine colostrum and milk stimulate visceral organ and skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal piglets. Journal of Nutrition. 122:1205-1213.

Buescher E, Mcllheran S. (1988) Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research. 24(1):14-9.

Casswall TH, Sarker SA, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6):563-8. Related Articles, Links, Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants in rural Bangladesh with oral immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Sciences, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn’s disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Davidson G, Whyte P, Daniels E, et al. (1989) Passive immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet. 2(8665):709-12.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Ghidini A, Hicks C, Lapinski RH, Lockwood CJ. (1997) Morbidity in the preterm infant with mature lung indicies. American Journal of Perinatology. 14:75-78.

Heaton P. (1990) Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65:813-814.

Heaton P. Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Arch Dis Child. 1994 Apr;70(4):356-7. Related Articles, Links.

Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Hilpert H, Brussow H, Mietens C, Sidoti J, Lerner L, Werchau H. (1987) Use of bovine milk concentrate containing antibody to rotavirus to treat rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 156:158-166.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 –915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, Busch DH, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, and E. coli expressing intimin and hemolysin. Children's Hospital, The University of Wurzburg, Germany.

Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999 Dec; 20(6):761-87.

Jennifer S. Read and Committee on Pediatric AIDS , AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS: Human Milk, Breastfeeding, and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the United States. Pediatrics, Nov 2003; 112: 1196 - 1205.

Jensen R. (1998) Human milk lipids as a model for infant formulas. Lipid Technology. 34(12):1243-71.

Lawton JW, Shortridge KF, Wong RL, Ng MH. (1979) Interferon synthesis by human colostral leucocytes. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 54:127-130.

Mack DK.R.; et al. Correlation of intestinal lactulose permeability with exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Journal of Pediatrics. 120:696-701 (1992).

Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

McClead, R. et. al, Pediatrics Research, 1979;13(4): 464. Pineiro, A., et al. “Trypsin inhibitor from cow colostrum., Isolation, electrophoretic characterization and immunologic properties.” Biochem Biophys Acta (Amsterdam), 1975;379(1): 201-206.

McClead, R., et al., Resistance of bovine anti-cholera toxin IgG to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis. Pedia. Res. 1982.6: p. 227-231.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer’s patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother’s colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Oda S, Satoh H, Sugawara T, et al. (1989) Insulin-like growth factor-I, GH, insulin and glucagon concentrations in bovine colostrum and in plasma of dairy cows and neonatal calves around parturition. Comp. Biochemical Physiology. 94A:805-808.

Ogra SS, Ogra PL. (1978) Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. The Journal of Pediatrics. 92:546-549.

Petschow B, Talbott R. (1994). Reduction in virus-neutralizing activity of a bovine colostrum immunglobulin concentrate by gastic acid and digestive enzymes. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 19:228-235 (1994).

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Rueda R, Maldonado J, Narbona E, Gil A. (1998) Neonatal Dietary Gangliosides. Early Human Development. 53 Suppl:S135-47.

Sabin, AB. Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children 80:866-870 (1950). Seminal study by Dr. Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral polio vaccine, in which he discovered antibodies against the polio virus in colostrum.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

Shield J, Melville C, Novelli V, Anderson G, Scheimberg I, Gibb D, Milla P. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Oct;69(4):451-3. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, London.

Sarker SA, Casswall TH, Mahalanabis D, Alam NH, Albert MJ, Brussow H, Fuchs GJ, Hammerstrom L.Successful treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children with immunoglobulin from immunized bovine colostrum. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Dec;17(12):1149-54.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The mechanisms by which growth hormone brings about growth. The relative contributions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996 Sep; (3):615-31.

Skottner A, Arrhenius-Nyberg V, Kanje M, Fryklund L. (1990) Anabolic and tissue repair functions of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I. Acta Pediatric Scand. 367:63-66 (1990).

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) Low colostral IgA associated with cow’s milk allergy. Acta Pediatr Scan. 80:1207-1213.

Sabin, A. & Fieldsteel, A.H. “Antipoliomyelitic activity of human and bovine colostrum and milk.” Pediatrics, 1962:105-115.

Shortridge KF, Lawton JW, Choi EK. Protective potential of colostrum and early milk against prospective influenza viruses. J Trop Pediatr. 1990 Apr;36(2):94-5.

Sangild P. (1999) Intestinal Macromolecule Absorption in the Fetal Pig after Infusion of Colostrum in Utero. Pediatric Research. 45:595-602.

Satue-Gracia, MT, et al. Lactoferrin in infant formulas: effect on oxidation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). Commercially modified infant formulas based on cow’s milk have significantly less lactoferrin than whole milk, and soy formulas contain none, even though lactoferrin acts as an iron transporter protein. Adding lactoferrin to infant formulas results in the dual benefit of increased iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant and antimicrobial to extend the shelf life of the formulas.

Tyrell, David, "Breast Feeding and Virus Infection The Immunity of Infant Feeding" (1980) Plenum Press, N.Y., 55-61.

Tzipori S, Roberton D, Chapman C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Nov 15;293(6557):1276-7. Related Articles, Links, Remission of diarrhoea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum.

Walker WA. (1975) Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 22:731-746.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

“Colostrum contains non-specific inhibitors that inhibit a wide range of respiratory illness, notably influenza viruses. Colostrum is specifically cited for its unique effectiveness against potentially deadly outbreaks of Asian flu viruses that emerge from animal/human mutations.” This was published by Dr. Shortridge, et al, in the Journal of Tropical Pediatrics.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Infant Health

Acosta-Altamirano, G., et al., Antiamoebic properties of human colostrum. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1987. 216B: p.1347-1352.

Batash, S., et al. Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary (letter). American Journal of Gastroenterology. 87:680, 1992.

Bogstedt, A.K.; Johanson, K.; Hatta, H.; Kim, M.; Casswall, T.; Svenson, L.; Hammarstrom, S. Passive immunity against diarrhea. Acta Paediatr. 85:125-128, 1996.

Bjarnason I, Peters TJ, Wise RJ. (1984) The Leaky gut of alcoholism: Possible route of entry for toxic compounds. Lancet. 1(8370):179-82.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Campieri M, Gionchetti P. (1999) Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: New insight to pathogenesis or a possible therapeutic alternative. Gastroenterology. 116:1246-1260.

Crissinger K, Kvietys P, Granger D. (1990) Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal mucosal permeability. Journal of Internal Medicine. 228:145-154.

Deitch E. (1990) The Role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure. Archives of Surgery. 125(3):403-4.

Doe W. An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption. American Journal of Medicine. 67:1077-1084, 1979.

Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Katz, K.D., et al. Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their healthy relatives. Gastroenterology. 97:927-931, 1989.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

Meilants, H. "Reflections on the Link Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Joint Disease" Clin Exp. Rheumatology. 8(5):523-524, 1990.

Mack DK.R.; et al. Correlation of intestinal lactulose permeability with exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Journal of Pediatrics. 120:696-701, 1992.

McGauley GA (1987) Abnormal intestinal permeability: An aetiological factor in chronic psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 150:853-856.

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Pironi, L.; et al. "Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Activity in Asymptomatic Patients with Crohn's Diseasse," Dig. Dis. Sci. 35(5):582-588, 1990.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Factors associated with grower herd performance in three New Zealand pig farms (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Roos N, Mahe S, Benamouzig R, Sick H, Rautureau J, Tome D.,J Nutr. 1995 May;125(5):1238-44. Related Articles, Links, 15N-labeled immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum are partially resistant to digestion in human intestine. Institut fur Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernahrung, Kiel, Germany.

Rooney, P.J.; Jenkins, R.T.; Buchanan, W.W. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint diseases. Clinical and Experimental Rhuematalogy. 8:75-83, 1990.

Rooney PJ, Jenkins RT, Buchanan WW. (1990). A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 8:75-83.

Sangild P. (1999) Intestinal Macromolecule Absorption in the Fetal Pig after Infusion of Colostrum in Utero. Pediatric Research. 45:595-602.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

Van der Hulst R, Van Kreel B, Meyenfeldt M, et al. (1993) Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 341:1363-1365.

Werbach MR. (1998) Intestinal health relieves rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition Science News. 3:396.

Walker WA. (1975) Antigen absorption from the small intestine and gastrointestinal disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 22:731-746.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Digestive Health