Bolke E, Jehle PM, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., Shock. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Related Articles, Links, Preoperative oral application of immunoglobulin-enriched colostrum milk and mediator response during abdominal surgery. Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany.

Deitch, E. A. "The Role of Intestinal Barrier Failure and Bacterial Translocation in the Development of Systemic Infection and Multiple Organ Failure," Arch Surgery. 125:403-404,1990.

Galland, L. "Leaky Gut Syndrome: Breaking the Vicious Cycle" Townsend Letter for Doctors. 145(6):63-68, 1995.

Galland, L.; et al. "Intestinal Dysbiosis and the Causes of Disease" J Adv Med. 6:67-82, 1993.

Hollander, D. (1999) Intestinal permeability, leaky gut, and intestinal disorders. Current Gastroenterology Reports 1(5):410-416. Patients with Crohn’s disease have abnormally increased permeability in their gastrointestinal tract and has a direct correlation to the activity, extent, and distribution of the disease.

Kim, JW, Jeon, WK, Yun, JW, Park, DI, Cho, YK, Sung, IK, Sohn, CI, Kim, BI, Yeom, JS, Park, HS, Kim, EJ, Shin, MS. (2005) Protective effects of bovine colostrum on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal damage in rats. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 14(1):103-7. NSAIDs given to animals have much the same effect as they do in humans, namely, increased intestinal permeability, increased enteric bacteria levels, villous loss, and loss of enteric protein and albumin. Supplementation with bovine colostrum reduced the increase in intestinal permeability, the enteric bacteria overgrowth, the lose of proteins, and villous damage.

Jackson, P. G.; Lessof, M. H.; Baker, R. W. R.; Ferrett, Jean; MacDonald, D. M. "Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Eczema and Food Allergy" Lancet. 1(8233):1285-6, 1981.

Rooney, P. L.; et al. "A Short Review of the Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Joint Disease," Clin Exp Rheumatol. 8(1):75-83, 1990.

Purup, S, Vestergaard, M, Pedersen, O, Sejrsen, K. (2007) Biological activity of bovine milk on proliferation of human intestinal cells. Journal of Dairy Research 74(1):58-65. Bovine milk contains a number of biologically active components that affect growth development of human intestinal tissue. The degree of activity depended on the stage of lactation.

Prosser, C, et al. Reduction in heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability in rats by bovine colostrum and goat milk powders. Journal of Applied Physiology 96:650-654 (2004). Bovine colostrum healed "leaky gut" in an experimental rat model used heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Leaky Gut

Almada A. (1999) Eclipsing Echinacea.Nutrition Business Journal.

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Buchwald D. (1994) Comparison of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Multiple Chemical Sensitivities. Archives of Internal Medicine. 154(18):2049-53.

Buescher E, Mcllheran S. (1988) Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research. 24(1):14-9.

Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions. Chapter Five. in: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Academic Press. New York. 1974.

Butler, J.E. Immunoglobulins of the mammary secretions. Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatis. Vol. 3, Eds. B.L. Larson and V.R. Smith (New York: Academic Press, 1974), pp, 217-252).

Crago; Mestecky. "Immunoinhibitory Elements in Human Colostrum" Survey of Immunology Res. 2(2):164-169, 1983.

Chaumeil C, Liotet S, Kogbe O. (1994) Treatment of severe eye dryness and problematic eye lesions with enriched bovine colostrum lactoserum. Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 350:595-9.

Clark, Daniel G. and Wyatt, Kaye. Colostrum, Life¹s First Food. Salt Lake City:CNR Publications. 1996.

D'Adamo P. (1998) Larch arabinogalactan is a novel immune modulator. www.dadmo.com. da Camara, C. Glucosamine sulfate for osteoarthritis. Ann Pharmacotherapy. 32:580-587.

Davis, PF, Greenhill, NS, Rowan, AM, Schollum, LM. (2007) The safety of New Zealand bovine colostrum: nutritional and physiological evaluation in rats. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 45(2):229-36. Bovine colostrum supplemented at 3% and 10% of normal rat chow produced no observable toxicological or histopathological abnormalities.

Diehl H, and May E. (1994) Cetyl Myristooleate isolated from swiss albino mice: an apparent protective agent against adjuvant arthritis in rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 83(3):296-9.

Dillehay D, Webb S, Schmelz E, Merrill A. (1994) Dietary sphingomyelin inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in CF1 mice. Journal of Nutrition. 124(5):615-20.

Galland, L. The Four Pillars of Healing: How the New Integrated Medicine - the Best of Conventional and Altenative Approaches - Can Cure You. (New York: Random House, 1997), p. 192.

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Gorczyca W, Ugorski M, Nowacki W, Lisowski J. Mol Immunol. 1986 Sep;23(9):961-4. Related Articles, Links, Immunoglobulins of colostrum-VI. Comparative studies of cytophilic properties of bovine serum and colostral IgG.

Groziak, SM, Miller, GD. Natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum: effects on the arterial blood pressure system. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S119-S125 (2000). Consumption of milk and milk products can produce a significant decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Goebel, A, et al. Human pooled immunoglobulin in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes. Pain Medicine 3(2):119-127 (2002). Intravenous treatment with pooled IgG from colostrum was shown to be of benefit to patients suffering chronic pain due to fibromyalgia, spinal pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), peripheral neuropathic pain, and atypical odontalgia or facial pain without serious side effects. All patients had failed to respond to established pain treatment protocols.

Goebel, A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia refractory to carbamazepine: a study protocol. BMC Neurology 3(1):1 (2003). Patients with resistant trigeminal neuralgia, which is characterized by severe pain that is unresponsive to traditional pain management, participated in a double-blind study using intravenous immunoglobulin treatment compared to placebo. While pain management did not follow simple dose-response rules, intravenous IgG treatment did produce results ranging from full remission of pain to no effect.

Gold B, Huesca M, Serman P, Lingwood C. (1993) Helicobacter mustelae and helicobacter pylori bind to common lipid receptors in vitro. Infection and Immunity 61:2632-2638.

Heaton P. (1990) Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65:813-814.

Hakansson et al., Proceedings, Nat. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. 92, pp. 8064-8068, Aug. 1995.

Jensen, Bernard. Colostrum: Man¹s First Food, The White Gold Discovery. Escondido:Bernard Jensen, 1993.

Juhlin, L. and Vahlquist, C. The influence of treatment on fibrin microclot generation in psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology. 108:33-37, 1983.

Julius; Janusz; Lisowski, "A Colostral Protein (PRP) That Induces the Growth and Differentiation of Resting B Lymphocytes," J. of Immunology. 40:1366-71, 1988.

Korhonen, H, Pihlanto, A. (2007). Technological options for the production of health-promoting proteins and peptides derived from milk and colostrum. Current Pharmaceutical Design 13(8):829-43. Review of current and potential applications of colostrum and milk proteins for human nutrition and promotion of human health.

Litman B, Mitchell D. (1996) A role for phospholipid polyunsaturation in modulating membrane protein function. Lipids. Suppl:S193-7.

McKallip R. (1999) Tumor Gangliosides Inhibit the Tumor-Specific Immune Response. The Journal of Immunology. 163:3718-3726.

Melchart D, et al. (1998) Echinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind placebo controlled randomized trial. Archives of Family Medicine. 7:541-5.

Opekun AR, El-Zaimaity HMT, Osato MS, et al. (1999) Novel therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 13:35-41.

Patton S, Canfield L, Huston G., Ferris A, Jensen R. (1990) Carotenoids of human colostrum. Lipids. 25(3):159-65.

Rueda R, Maldonado J, Narbona E, Gil A. (1998) Neonatal Dietary Gangliosides. Early Human Development. 53 Suppl:S135-47.

Slebodzinski A. (1986) Perinatal Thyroid Activity in Farm Animals and the Role of Iodocompounds in Maternal Milk. Endocrinologia Experimentalis. 20:229-246.

Slebodzinski A. (1983) Serum thyroid hormone levels in colostrum deprived piglets and calves. Endocrinologia Experimentals. 17:263-270.

Staroscik, Krystyna; et al. "Immunologically Active Nonapeptide Fragment of a Proline-Rich Polypeptide from Bovine Colostrum: Amino Acid Sequence and Immuno-Regulatory Properties," Molecular Immunology. 20(12):1277-82, 1983.

Soslau G. (1982) The Loss of Sialic Acid and its Prevention in Stored Human Platelets. Thrombosis Research. 26:443-55.

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Vaughan E, Mollet B. (1999) Probiotics in the new millennium. Nahrung. 43:148-153.

Vetrugno, V. (2004) Safety of milk and milk derivatives in relation to BSE: the lactoferrin example. Biometals 17(3):353-6. Milk, colostrum and tissues of the bovine mammary gland are classified in the category of no detectable infectivity by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products of the European Commission and WHO. Milk and milk derivatives, such as lactoferrin and lactose, are unlikely to present any risk of infection with BSE or any other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.

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For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Immune modulation

Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001). Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.

Crohn's Disease (auto-immune condition)

De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.

Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17(1-4)217-228 (1998). Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-a, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders.

Lupus (discoid and systemic)(auto-immune condition)

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, auto-immune conditions

Basten, A, McLeod, JG, Pollard, JD, Walsh, JC, Stewart, GJ, Garrick, R, Frith, JA, Van Der Brink, CM. Transfer factor in treatment of multiple sclerosis. The Lancet 2(8201):931-934 (1980).

Ebina, T., et al. “Treatment of multiple sclerosis with anti-measles cow colostrum.” Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1984;173(2):87-93.

Lamoureux, G, et al. Transfer Factor or Proline-rich Polyepetides from Bovine Colostrum: A clinical and immunological study of the effects of transfer factor on multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 1981 March; 43(3): 557–564. .

Kelly, G."Bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses" Altern Med Rev. 2003 Nov;8(4):378-94..

Webster. H.D. "Growth Factors and Myelin Regeneration in Multiple Sclerosis" Mult. Scler Apr. 3(2):113-120 1997.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Multiple Sclerosis

Cochran C, et al. (1998) Cetyl Myristoleate - A Unique Natural Compound Valuable in Arthritis Conditions. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients.

De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.

Feldmann M, Brennan F, Maini R. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996.

Grohn, P.; Anttila ,R.; Krohn, K. The effect of non-specifically acting transfer factor component on cellular immunity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 5(3):151-157 (1976).

Hayashida, K, Kaneko, T, Takeuchi, T, Shimizu, H, Ando, K, Harada, E. (2004). Oral administration of lactoferrin inhibits inflammation and nociception in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66(2):149-54. Lactoferrin is an immunomodulator and has also been found to produce micro-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia. In an rat experimental arthritis model, bovine lactoferrin suppressed the development of the arthritis and lessened the pain (as determined by hyperalgesia of the infected paw). Lactoferrin also suppressed TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory) production and increased IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) production. Thus lactoferrin has both preventive and therapeutic effects on both the inflammation and pain associated with arthritis.

Hraba, T, Wieczorek, Z, Janusz, M, Lisowski, J, Zimecki, M. Effect of proline-rich polypeptide on experimental autoimmune response to erythrocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 34(4):437-443 (1986).

Jenkins, R. T.; et al. "Increased Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Side Effect of Oral Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Therapy," Br. J. Rheumatology. 26(2):10-37, 1987.

Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of bovine colostrum. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998). A colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results.

Op. cit., Fallanc, L., p. 192. Feldmann, M.; Brennan, F.; Maini, R. Role of Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Review in Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996.

Lawrence, HS. Transfer factor and autoimmune disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 124(1):56-60 (1965).

Sokal, I, Janusz, M, Miecznikowska, H, Kupryszewski, G, Lisowski, J. Effect of colostrinin, an immunomodulatory proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum, on sialidase and beta-galactosidase activities in murine thymocytes. Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava) 46(3):193-198 (1998).

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pedersen AM, Andersen TL, Reibel J, Holmstrup P, Nauntofte B. Clin Oral Investig. 2002 Mar;6(1):11-20. Related Articles, Links, Oral findings in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome and oral lichen planus-a preliminary study on the effects of bovine colostrum-containing oral hygiene products. Department of Oral Physiology, Anatomy, Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Sjogren Syndrome

Bibel, DJ, et al. Topical sphingolipids in antisepsis and antifungal therapy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 20(5):395-400 (1995). The sphingolipids sphingosine and sphinganine, both of which are strongly inhibitory effects for both bacteria and fungi in the stratum corneum of the skin, were used as topical antiseptics against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, as a restorative antiseptic against expanded normal skin flora, and as therapy for Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes infections with very good results and low toxicity.

Imokawa, G, et al. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? Journal of Investigative Dermatitis 96(4):523-526 (1991). The lipids found in the stratum corneum, particularly the ceramides (metabolic products of sphingomyelin), are important in maintaining the water retention and permeability barrier functions of the skin. Skin diseases marked by a breakdown in these functions, such as atopic dermatitis, are characterized by decreased levels of ceramides in the stratum corneum. Ceramide levels also decrease with age. Thus it is concluded that ceramide insufficiency is a factor in dry skin conditions.

Bibel, DJ, et al. Sphingosines: antimicrobial barriers of the skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 73(6):407-411 (1993). One of the main functions of the skin is to prevent microbial infections. Skin lipids, particularly sphingosines, which are also derived from sphingomyelin, found in the stratum corneum of the skin are one of the ways the skin controls microbial survival on the skin. Sphingosines were found to have bactericidal, bacteriostatic or fungistatic effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Tricophyton tonsurans and Epidermatophyton floccosum, common microbes found on the skin.

Wieczorek, Z., et al. "Proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: its effect on skin permeability and on the immune response." Immunology, 1979;36(4):875-881.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum, Skin Health

Butler, J.E. "Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions" Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise, Eds. B.L. Larson and V.R. Smith Vol. 3 (pp217-252). Academic Press, New York, 1974.

Dr Nikki-Marie Welch. MD from Duke University and the John Hopkins University School of Medicine, reports that her patients generally thrive after taking colostrum: "their condition usually improves substantially, and they feel a greater sense of well-being along with enhanced energy and stamina"

Francis, G.L. et. al. "Insulin-like growth factors 1(IGF-1) and 2(IGF-2) in bovine colostrum" Biochemistry Journal Vol. 251 (pp95-103), 1988.

Klatz, R. and Kahn, C. Grow Young with hGH: The Amazing Medically Proven Plan to Lose Fat, Build Muscle, Reverse the Effects of Aging, Strengthen the Immune System, Improve Sexual Performance, Lower Blood Pressure and Cholesterol.(New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997), p. 9.

Palmer, E.L. et. al. "Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G". Medical Virology, Vol. 5 (pp123-129), 1980.

Playford, RJ, et. al. "Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage" Gut Vol 44(5) (pp653-8), May1999

Rona, Zoltan, M.D. "Bovine Colostrum Immunity, and The Ageing Process" Nature's Impact, August 1998

Walker, M., Bovine Colostrum Offers Broad-Spectrum Benefits for Wide-Ranging Ailments.(Appendix 10, Institute of Colostrum Research).

Wilson, D.C. and James, N.D. "Immune System Breakthrough: Colostrum" Journal Of Longevity, Vol. 4 (p2), 1998.

For Additional Links: www.scholar.google.com keywords: Colostrum as a health food